MUsiyano uripakati peBK, GBK, BKS, NBK MUSIMBA.

MUsiyano uripakati peBK, GBK, BKS, NBK MUSIMBA.

ABSTRACT:

Annealing uye normalizing yesimbi maitiro maviri akajairika ekupisa kupisa.
Preliminary kupisa kupisa chinangwa: kubvisa kumwe kukanganisa mune blanks uye semi-apedzwa zvigadzirwa, uye kugadzirira sangano kunotevera kutonhora kushanda uye kwekupedzisira kupisa kurapwa.
Chinangwa chekupedzisira chekurapa kupisa: kuwana mashandiro anodiwa eiyo workpiece.
Chinangwa che annealing uye normalizing ndechokubvisa humwe hurema hunokonzerwa nekupisa kushandiswa kwesimbi, kana kugadzirira kucheka kunotevera uye kwekupedzisira kupisa kupisa.

 Kuiswa kwesimbi:
1. Chirevo: Nzira yekupisa yekupisa yekupisa zvikamu zvesimbi kune tembiricha yakakodzera (pamusoro kana pasi peAc1), ichiichengeta kwenguva yakati, uyezve kutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma kuwana chimiro chiri pedyo nekuenzana kunonzi annealing.
2. Chinangwa:
(1) Deredza kuoma uye kunatsiridza purasitiki
(2) Natsa zviyo uye kubvisa kukanganisa kwechimiro
(3) Bvisa kushushikana kwemukati
(4) Gadzirira sangano kuti ridzime
Type: (Maererano netembiricha yekudziya, inogona kupatsanurwa kuita annealing kumusoro kana pasi peiyo tembiricha yakakosha (Ac1 kana Ac3) Iyo yekutanga inodaidzwa zvakare kuti phase change recrystallization annealing, kusanganisira kuzara, diffusion annealing homogenization annealing, incomplete annealing, uye spheroidizing annealing; Iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisira recrystallization annealing uye kushushikana kunetseka annealing.)

•  Complete annealing(GBK+A) :

1) Pfungwa: Kupisa iyo hypoeutectoid simbi (Wc = 0.3% ~ 0.6%) kusvika AC3+ (30 ~ 50) ℃, uye mushure mokunge yanyatsosimbiswa, kuchengetedza kupisa uye kunonoka kutonhora (kutevera vira, kuviga mujecha, lime), Iyo nzira yekurapa kupisa kwekuwana chimiro padyo neiyo equilibrium state inonzi yakakwana annealing.2) Chinangwa: Natsa zviyo, chimiro chakafanana, kubvisa kushushikana kwemukati, kuderedza kuoma, uye kunatsiridza kucheka mashandiro.
2) Maitiro: kupedzisa annealing uye kunonoka kutonhora nechoto kunogona kuve nechokwadi chekunaya kweproeutectoid ferrite uye shanduko ye supercooled austenite kuita pearlite muhukuru hwekushisa renji pazasi Ar1.The kubata nguva workpiece panguva annealing tembiricha kwete chete anoita workpiece kupisa kuburikidza, kureva, musimboti workpiece anosvika kunodiwa kudziyisa tembiricha, asiwo nechokwadi kuti zvose homogenized austenite inoonekwa kuti vabudirire recrystallization zvachose.Iyo nguva yekubata yekuzara annealing inoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita sesimbi kuumbwa, workpiece ukobvu, choto kurodha huwandu uye choto kurodha nzira.Mukugadzirwa chaiko, kuitira kuvandudza budiriro, kupinza uye kutonhora kusvika pa600 ℃ kunogona kubuda muchoto uye kutonhora kwemhepo.
Kuwanda kwekushandisa: kukanda, kupinza, kuumba uye kukunguruka kwepakati kabhoni simbi uye yepakati kabhoni alloy simbi, etc. Cherechedza: Yakaderera kabhoni simbi uye hypereutectoid simbi haifanirwe kunyura zvizere.Kuomarara kwesimbi yakaderera kabhoni yakaderera mushure mekunyatso kunyungudutswa, iyo isingakodzeri kucheka kugadzirisa.Kana iyo hypereutectoid simbi inopisa kune austenite nyika pamusoro peAccm uye zvishoma nezvishoma yatonhodzwa uye yakanyungudutswa, network yechipiri simenti inonaya, iyo inoderedza zvakanyanya simba, plastiki uye kukanganisa kuoma kwesimbi.

• Spheroidizing annealing:

1) Pfungwa: Iyo annealing maitiro eku spheroidize carbides musimbi inonzi spheroidizing annealing.
2) Maitiro: General spheroidizing annealing process Ac1+ (10 ~ 20) ℃ yakatonhodzwa nechoto kusvika ku500 ~ 600 ℃ nemhepo inotonhorera.
3) Chinangwa: kuderedza kuoma, kuvandudza sangano, kuvandudza plastiki uye kucheka kushanda.
4) Kuwanda kwekushandisa: inonyanya kushandiswa pakucheka maturusi, maturusi ekuyeresa, molds, nezvimwe zve eutectoid simbi uye hypereutectoid simbi.Kana iyo hypereutectoid simbi ine network yechipiri cementite, haina kungoita yakanyanya kuomarara uye yakaoma kuita kucheka, asi inowedzera brittleness yesimbi, iyo inowanzoitika kudzima deformation uye kuputika.Nechikonzero ichi, spheroidizing annealing process inofanira kuwedzerwa mushure mekushanda kupisa kwesimbi kuti spheroidize flake infiltrate mune reticulated yechipiri simenti uye pearlite kuwana granular pearlite.
Kutonhora kweyero uye isothermal tembiricha ichakanganisawo maitiro e carbide spheroidization.Kukurumidza kutonhora mwero kana yakaderera isothermal tembiricha ichaita kuti pearlite iumbwe pane yakaderera tembiricha.Iwo ma carbide particles akanyanya kunaka uye aggregation mhedzisiro idiki, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira flaky carbides.Somugumisiro, kuoma kwakakwirira.Kana mwero wekutonhodza uchinonoka kana tembiricha ye isothermal yakanyanya, zvikamu zve carbide zvinoumbwa zvichange zvakakora uye iyo agglomeration mhedzisiro ichave yakasimba.Zviri nyore kugadzira granular carbides yehukobvu hwakasiyana uye kuita kuti kuomarara kuve kwakaderera.

•  Homogenization annealing (diffusion annealing):

1) Maitiro: Iyo yekupisa yekurapa maitiro ekupisa alloy simbi ingots kana castings kusvika 150 ~ 00 ℃ pamusoro peAc3, kubata kwe10 ~ 15h uyezve kutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma kubvisa kusaenzana kwemakemikari kuumbwa.
2) Chinangwa: Bvisa dendrite segregation panguva yecrystallization uye homogenize kuumbwa.Nekuda kwekupisa kwekupisa uye nguva yakareba, zviyo zve austenite zvichange zvakaomarara.Naizvozvo, kazhinji zvinodikanwa kuita annealing yakakwana kana normalizing kukwenenzvera zviyo uye kubvisa kuremara kwekupisa.
3) Kuwanda kwekushandisa: inonyanya kushandiswa kune alloy simbi ingots, castings uye forgings ane yepamusoro mhando zvinodiwa.
4) Ongorora: Kuwedzera tembiricha yekuparadzira annealing ine kutenderera kwakareba kwekugadzira, kushandiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya, yakakomba oxidation uye decarburization yeworkpiece, uye mutengo wakakwira.Chete mamwe emhando yepamusoro alloy simbi uye alloy simbi castings uye simbi ingots ine kupatsanurwa kwakanyanya shandisa maitiro aya.Kune makanda ane diki diki saizi kana kabhoni simbi castings, nekuda kwekureruka kwavo dhigirii rekuparadzanisa, annealing yakakwana inogona kushandiswa kukwenenzvera zviyo uye kubvisa kukanda kunetseka.

• Kuderedza kushushikana

1) Chirevo: Annealing kubvisa kushushikana kunokonzerwa nepurasitiki deformation processing, welding, nezvimwewo uye kusara kwekunetseka mukukanda kunonzi kushushikana kwekunetseka annealing.(Hapana kukanganisa kunoitika panguva yekushushikana kwekunetseka)
2) Maitiro: zvishoma nezvishoma kupisa workpiece kusvika 100 ~ 200 ℃ (500 ~ 600 ℃) pazasi Ac1 uye ichengetedze kwenguva yakati (1 ~ 3h), wozoitonhorera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika 200 ℃ nechoto, uye wozotonhorera. kunze kwechoto.
Simbi inowanzoita 500～600℃
Cast iron inowanzo pfuura 550 buckles pa500-550 ℃, izvo zvinokonzeresa graphitization yepearlite zviri nyore.Welding zvikamu zvinowanzoita 500～600℃.
3) Chiyero chekushandisa: Bvisa zvakasara kushushikana mu cast, forged, welded zvikamu, zvinotonhora zvidhindo zvikamu uye machined workpiece kudzikamisa saizi yezvikamu zvesimbi, kuderedza deformation uye kudzivirira kuputika.

Normalizing yesimbi:
1. Pfungwa: kupisa simbi kusvika 30-50 ° C pamusoro peAc3 (kana Accm) uye kuibata kwenguva yakakodzera;nzira yekupisa yekutonhodza mumhepo yakanyarara inonzi normalizing yesimbi.
2. Chinangwa: Natsa zviyo, chimiro chakafanana, gadzirisa kuoma, nezvimwe.
3. Sangano: Eutectoid simbi S, hypoeutectoid simbi F+S, hypereutectoid simbi Fe3CⅡ+S
4. Maitiro: Normalizing kuchengetedza kupisa kwakafanana nekuzara annealing.Inofanira kunge yakavakirwa paworkpiece kuburikidza nekupisa, ndiko kuti, iyo yakakosha inosvika painoda kupisa tembiricha, uye zvinhu zvakaita sesimbi, chimiro chepakutanga, huni hwehuni uye midziyo yekudziya inofanirawo kutariswa.Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa normalizing kutonhora nzira ndeyekubvisa simbi muchoto chekudziya uye kuitonhodza zvoga mumhepo.Kune zvikamu zvakakura, kuvhuvhuta, kupfapfaidza uye kugadzirisa nhambwe yekuturikidzana yezvikamu zvesimbi inogonawo kushandiswa kudzora kutonhora kwechikamu chesimbi kuti uwane iyo inodiwa sangano uye kuita.

5. Ruzhinji rwekushandisa:

• 1) Kuvandudza kushanda kwekucheka kwesimbi.Carbon simbi uye yakaderera-alloy simbi ine kabhoni yemukati isingasviki 0.25% ine yakaderera kuomarara mushure mekuvhara, uye zviri nyore "kunamatira" panguva yekucheka.Kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kurapwa, ferrite yemahara inogona kuderedzwa uye flake pearlite inogona kuwanikwa.Kuwedzera kuoma kunogona kuvandudza machinability yesimbi, kuwedzera hupenyu hwechishandiso uye kupera kwepamusoro kwechishandiso.
• 2) Bvisa kukanganisa kwekugadzirisa kupisa.Medium-carbon structural simbi castings, forgings, rolling parts and welded parts anowanzo kuwedzeredza hurema uye mabhendi zvimiro zvakaita sembeu dzakakasharara mushure mekupisa.Kuburikidza ne normalizing kurapwa, izvi zvimiro zvakakanganisika zvinogona kubviswa, uye chinangwa chekunatsa zviyo, chimiro chakafanana uye kubviswa kwekushushikana kwemukati kunogona kuwanikwa.
• 3) Bvisa network carbides ye hypereutectoid simbi, kufambisa spheroidizing annealing.Hypereutectoid simbi inofanirwa kuve spheroidized uye annealed isati yadzima kufambisa machining uye kugadzirira chimiro chekudzima.Nekudaro, kana paine zvakakomba network carbides mu hypereutectoid simbi, yakanaka spheroidizing mhedzisiro haigone kuwanikwa.Net carbide inogona kubviswa ne normalizing kurapwa.
• 4) Kuvandudza michina yezvimiro zvezvakajairwa zvimiro zvikamu.Dzimwe kabhoni simbi uye alloy simbi zvikamu zvine kushushikana kudiki uye kuderera kwekuita zvinodiwa zvinojairirwa kuti zviwane imwe yakazara mekinika kuita, iyo inogona kutsiva kudzima uye kupisa kurapwa seyekupedzisira kupisa kwezvikamu.

Sarudzo ye annealing uye normalizing
Musiyano mukuru pakati peannealing uye normalizing:
1. Chiyero chekutonhodza che normalizing chinomhanya zvishoma pane annealing, uye dhigirii yekutonhora kwemvura yakakura.
2. Chimiro chinowanikwa mushure me normalizing chiri nani, uye simba uye kuoma kwakakwirira kudarika iyo ye annealing.Sarudzo yeannealing uye normalizing:

• Kune yakaderera kabhoni simbi ine kabhoni yemukati <0.25%, normalizing inowanzo shandiswa pachinzvimbo che annealing.Nekuti kukurumidza kutonhora kutonhora kunogona kudzivirira yakaderera kabhoni simbi kubva kunaya yemahara tertiary simenti padivi pemuganho wezviyo, nekudaro ichivandudza kutonhora deformation kuita kwezvikamu zvekutsika;normalizing inogona kuvandudza kuoma kwesimbi uye kucheka kushanda kweiyo yakaderera kabhoni simbi;Mukugadzirisa kupisa, normalizing inogona kushandiswa kunatsa zviyo uye kuvandudza kusimba kwesimbi yakaderera kabhoni.
• Yepakati kabhoni simbi ine kabhoni yemukati iri pakati pe0.25 ne0.5% inogona zvakare kugadzirwa pachinzvimbo chekuvhara.Kunyangwe kuoma kweyepakati kabhoni simbi padhuze nepamusoro muganho weiyo kabhoni yemukati yakakwira mushure meiyo yakajairika, inogona kuramba ichitemwa uye mutengo we normalizing Yakaderera uye yakanyanya kubereka.
• Simbi ine kabhoni yemukati iri pakati pe0.5 ne0.75%, nekuda kweiyo yakakwira kabhoni yemukati, kuomarara mushure mejairika kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kuya kweannealing, uye zvakaoma kucheka.Naizvozvo, annealing yakazara inowanzoshandiswa kuderedza kuoma uye kunatsiridza kucheka.Processability.
• Masimbi epamusoro kabhoni kana masimbi emidziyo ane kabhoni> 0.75% kazhinji anoshandisa spheroidizing annealing sekutanga kupisa kupisa.Kana paine network yesecondary cementite, inofanirwa kuve yakajairika kutanga.

Kunobva:Mechanical nyanzvi mabhuku.

Editor: Ali